Avulsion injuries of the pelvis in adolescents

Avulsion fractures of the apophyses of the pelvis are common in adolescent athletes. They usually occur as a result of trau - ma or overuse, involving especially the anterior inferior iliac spine, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior third of the iliac c rest, tuber ischiadicum, and the symphysis pubis. The majority of these injuries occur during vigorous sports, with a male preponderance. They are often mistaken for muscle or tendon injuries. History, physical examination, and radi - ologic modalities are often helpful in diagnosis. Tre a t m e n t may vary depending on the localization of the injury and the extent of fragment dislocation, but mainly remains conserv - ative including bed rest, medications, and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . Some patients may re q u i re surgical treatment, though.